The debate of online courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The discussion of online courses - Essay Example One can likewise take part in electronic training whereby instructive assets, correspondences, and achieve all homework exercises by means of the web. The accompanying article covers the fundamental likenesses and contrasts among on the web and conventional based types of training so as to empower students choose which technique best addresses their issues. Similitudes Everyone realizes that acquiring a degree isn't that simple and one needs to battle a great deal. With the contention of joining a school, numerous students wonder, which type of instruction, is smarter to seek after, regardless of whether on the web or nearby. Albeit, both type of instruction are not the same as one another, there are various similitudes seen in both (Bourne, 2004: 63). In the two strategies, there are assignments, instructor understudy collaboration, and accessibility of reference materials. In any case, the primary comparability of nonconcurrent online instruction versus customary training is access ibility of assignments. In any learning condition, assignments are significant. Schools would not be acceptable learning opportunity if the students don't fuse what they realize in assignments. In the two types of instruction, there are individual and gathering conversation assignments. Such assignments incorporate doing investigates, responding to bunch conversation questions, composing expositions, and taking part in class work, which are available in both on the web and customary type of instructions. For example, introductions are not most loved top everyone, except they are given in class and online in a comparative arrangement of getting ready to convey certain data to the understudies. Despite the fact that assignments might be different in both instruction setting, the two has comparative goals to enable the students to get learning materials. Besides, reference materials are profoundly significant in any learning condition to enable the students to get additional data parti cularly when doing investigates. The best type of reference materials are books, which are open in both on the web and convention instructive settings. In web based learning, E-books make learning and referencing a lot simpler and better. Understudies don't need to encounter the weight of hauling overwhelming course books around (Bourne, 2004: 60). Regardless of whether one participates in on the web or customary type of training, library will stay to be the primary wellspring of reference materials. This is on the grounds that, in library, understudies approach numerous course readings and web. Albeit each understudy requires his own reference materials identifying with the course he is seeking after, web is broadly utilized and has become the principle wellspring of reference materials since one can get to a lot of online books without any problem. Educator understudy association is additionally another similitude found in both offbeat and customary type of training. With numerous students, social collaboration is a key part of the grounds understanding. On the off chance that one is intending to meet new companions and grow his social and expert systems, it is then fundamental to go to classes nearby. Notwithstanding, online training isn't absolutely without social communication. Web based learning includes video conferencing, and message sheets, which guarantees connect between the understudies, colleague, and the coaches. Furthermore, internet learning includes individuals structure all the United States, giving student’s chance to associate with new individuals whom one could never meet nearby. Contrasts Flexibility E learning

How to Write a Good Essay Structure

How to Write a Good Essay StructureHow to write a good essay is easy, but how to write a good essay structure is quite difficult. You need to find a way to tie your thoughts together so that they make sense. You need to write an essay that is organized, rather than disorganized. You have to be sure you follow a proper structure in order to create the best essay possible.So what are some of the things you need to keep in mind to establish a good structure for your essay? Let's start with the subject. You should start your essay on a strong subject such as politics, sports, or literature. These subjects lend themselves well to writing. As you think about what you want to say, write down strong ideas that will help you in establishing your structure.Another thing you need to keep in mind when you are trying to establish a structure is your length. No matter how long your essay is, make sure you stick to the topic. If you get into a tangent before you finish your topic, you might not be able to finish your subject. Keep it on topic and you will write a good essay.Now, let's talk about what you need to do to begin writing. First, you need to figure out how long you need to write. Try to write as much as you can on that topic. Then you should get down to writing some of your key points.These key points are usually going to include your title, thesis statement, and conclusion. The title should be clear and concise, and your thesis statement is going to be what you are actually trying to say. Then your conclusion should be written in such a way that it gives a summary of what you have been talking about.After you have done this, you will need to put a conclusion at the end, so you can wrap up with a final part. Always make sure you keep in mind the format that you need to follow. If you do not, you may not get to the end of your essay and you won't be able to have the proper conclusion.When you are writing, always pay attention to the grammar and spelling in your essay . You don't want to have grammar and spelling errors that leave a bad impression on your audience. It doesn't matter if you are an English major or not, you need to practice on your essays to ensure you know how to write a good essay.There are plenty of books that cover how to write an essay, but you also need to know how to read an essay. This means learning about the different forms that essays can take, and how to use them to help you with your writing. If you keep a watchful eye on your essay, you will be able to get the job done successfully.

Essay --

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of the impacts of Chinese Herbal medication in NSCLC treatment By: Jay Shah December 11, 2013 Pharmacology 5600 Natural medication, similar to any elective types of medication and treatment has a lot of pundits, yet like most home grown medication, it has been created and rehearsed for centuries. The principal known record of Chinese home grown medication was found in the â€Å"Wushier Bingfang† (remedies for fifty-two sicknesses) silk original copy from the Han Dynasty around 206 BCE (Zhang et al, 2012). It contains 200 and fifty home grown fixes to issues, for example, hemorrhoids, joint pain, aggravation, seizures, moles and numerous others (Zhang et al, 2012). Verifiable records of Chinese herbs incorporate over a hundred thousand therapeutic plans to a large number of issues, for the most part comprising of plant removes (Chen et al, 1999). The comprehension behind Chinese herbs is an essential methodology that looks as people as a part of nature and consequently can be restored of sicknesses through regular components (Chen et al, 1999). Picture 1 portrays different Chinese herbs including, ginseng, Astragalus, lilyturf and others. With the advancement of allopathic medication from the western world, home grown medication from around the globe has been censured out of the psyche for most of the world because of its absence of legitimate logical proof. As of late in any case, natural medication, particularly Chinese and Indian has seen to some degree a resurgence on the worldwide scale as far as believability because of new research and information from around the globe. The National Institute of Health perceives Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as a suitable wellspring of elective treatment for different infirmities and says that over a million people starting at 2004 regu... ..., Zhang L, et al. (2011) Effect s of chemotherapy joined with Chinese home grown medication Kangliu Zengxiao decoction on tumor markers of patient s with cutting edge non-little cell lung malignant growth: a randomized, controlled preliminary. J Chin Integr Med 9: 525â€530. 11. Li G, Shu-Ping B, Ling Z, Xiao-Hong W (2009). Astragalus polysaccharide infusion coordinated with vinorelbine and cisplatin for patients with cutting edge non-little cell lung malignant growth: consequences for personal satisfaction and endurance. Diary of Medical Oncology s12032-011-0068-9. 12. Liu QY, Yao YM, Zhang SW, et al. Astragalus polysaccharides control T cell-interceded invulnerability by means of CD11c (high) CD45RB (low) DCs in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 136(3):457â€64. 13. Clement-Kruzel S, Hwang SA, Kruzel MC, et al. Insusceptible tweak of macrophage genius provocative reaction by goldenseal and Astragalus extricates. J Med Food. 2008; 11(3):493â€8.

The Waning Days of British Imperialism in A Passage to India and Burmese Days - Literature Essay Samples

In the preface to The English Novel in the Twentieth Century [The Doom of Empire], Martin Green claims that â€Å"One could read all the works of the Great Tradition, and never know that England had an empire†. While this argument could be applied to the bourgeois, largely domestic nature of the nineteenth-century literary canon, E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) and George Orwell’s Burmese Days (1934) mark the development of a post-war, politically engaged consciousness, largely triggered by the brutal Amritsar massacre of 1919. Both novels influenced by the writers’ own experiences in the East – launch a fiercely satirical attack on the conduct of the British Raj overseas and the moral bankruptcy of the English country club. A particularly noticeable aspect of Orwell’s and Forster’s critiques is the complicity of English women in encouraging and reinforcing masculine ideals of belligerence and jingoism in the East, thus exac erbating the strained relations between natives and their British rulers. However, although both texts exhibit a shared disdain for the overbearing, Kiplingesque pomposity of the British ruling classes in the East, Forster’s liberal pragmatism and humanist approach contrasts to the more radical and nihilistic tone of Orwell’s novel, thereby demonstrating how the works of both writers present us with innovative and challenging, yet strikingly distinguishable, interpretations of the flagging days of British imperialism. E.M. Forster wrote A Passage to India against a backdrop of political turbulence and simmering racial tensions, largely compounded by the incompetence of the British colonialists in the East. His novel consistently contrasts the blind complacency and barely-hidden racial prejudice of the colonists with their repeated assertion that they â€Å"are out here to do justice and keep the peace† [45]. The callous conduct of the British inevitably has a de trimental effect on cross-cultural understanding and friendship, and, despite the naive efforts of Mrs Moore and the aptly-named Adela Quested to gain an authentic view of India, the oppressive and unjust political structure of the country results in the two women experiencing a divisive and strikingly unfathomable environment. Indeed, while observing her son, the City Magistrate, at work in the court, Mrs Moore laments the insensitivity and negligence of the British Raj in India: How he did rub it in that he was not in India to behave pleasantly, and derived positive satisfaction therefrom One touch of regret – not the canny substitute but the true regret from the heart – would have made him a different man, and the British Empire a different institution. [46]Amongst this destructive mire of bigotry and suspicion, it is only the elderly Brahmin, Godbole, with his distinctly non-British form of wisdom, who expresses the intrinsic unity of East and West (â€Å"When evi l occurs, it expresses the whole of the universe. Similarly when good occurs†). Through the character of Godbole, Forster skillfully adopts the ancient values of Hinduism as a vehicle for an alternative and remarkably contemporary mode of thought regarding cross-cultural relations, thus paving the way for a succession of ground-breaking and provocative literary representations of colonialism. Published a decade after Forster’s novel, George Orwell’s Burmese Days embarks on a vitriolic and darkly humorous attack of the grandiose illusions of imperialism and the crass, mindless debauchery of the administrative staff, whose crude reliance on â€Å"Booze as the cement of empire† [37] results in the development of a society steeped in moral failure and corruption. Despite being set during the waning days of British colonialism, the bullish nature of the exclusive and fiercely racist â€Å"Kipling-haunted little Clubs† [69] ensure that any form of politic al dissent is crushed, leaving the protagonist, John Flory, isolated in his comprehension of the ways in which Empire degrades the natives whom it self-importantly claims to uplift. Similarly to Forster’s narrative, Orwell expresses a firm belief that no member of a subjugated race can develop a true friendship with a member of the dominant race, as the oppressive political structures at work in Burma ensure that such a friendship will end in betrayal and resentment. As Flory reflects following a heated political exchange in the European Club, â€Å"With Indians there must be no loyalty, no real friendship.† [80], a notion which augments the socially-constructed and seemingly impenetrable barrier to positive relationships between Englishmen and their colonial subjects. Paradoxically, however, both novels feature an unlikely alliance between a Western male and an educated native, in both cases a doctor. Indeed, Orwell uses the bond between Flory and Dr. Veriswami to h umorously employ the diagnostic language adopted by many politically engaged writers during the interwar period, derisively likening the British Empire to an elderly patient: â€Å"Aha, Mr Flory, she iss very low, very low! Grave complications setting in. Septicaemia, peritonitis and paralysis of the ganglia.† [35]. By adopting the language of diagnosis and cure as a metaphor for the dying British Empire, Orwell evokes a disturbing sense of cultural sickness and contagion, which, in turn, warns of the corruptive nature of the Anglo-Indians’ crudely mercenary approach to society. Instead of bringing peace and justice to the native people of the East, Orwell suggests that the function of the British simply amounts to â€Å"rubbing our dirt onto them† [40], with Englishmen and Burmans alike committing abhorrent deeds for the sake of social mobility and prestige. Forster’s novel addresses a similar process of moral debasement at work amongst British expatriat es in India: â€Å"They all become exactly the same, not worse, not better. I give any Englishman two years† [9]. Even the Indian Dr. Aziz – an affectionate and youthful presence for much of the novel becomes consumed by a â€Å"genuine hatred of the English†, eventually isolating himself from Flory as a result of his humiliation at the hands of the British law: â€Å"I am an Indian at last, he thought, standing motionless in the rain† [278-9]. It is therefore clear that, rather than bringing a beacon of hope and prosperity to the East, as literary antecedents such as Rudyard Kipling had implied, the narratives of Forster and Orwell depict the presence of Anglo-Indians as a deeply destructive force in the East, circulating petty resentments and deep-seated prejudices which eventually tear apart positive human relationships. In this way, the highly anglicised colonial setting evoked by Forster and Orwell is arguably a microcosm of British society, with its myopic â€Å"country club† mentality acting as a poor recreation of suburban England. Indeed, the political somnolence of Middle England is a recurring theme in Orwell’s writing; his personal account of the Spanish Civil War, Homage to Catalonia (1938), expresses his dismay at returning from Spain to a complacent, distinctly â€Å"English† society, with seemingly no connection to foreign affairs (â€Å"Earthquakes in Japan, famine in China, revolutions in Mexico? Don’t worry, the milk will be on the doorstep tomorrow morning†). Interestingly, however, both Orwell and Forster’s biting satire is most ruthlessly exercised towards Anglo-Indian women, whom they frequently depict as chief collaborators in the colonial system of oppression and subjugation. For example, the haughty, colonial wife in A Passage to India, Mrs Turton, most effectively encapsulates the Englishwoman’s scornful and highly gendered intolerance of Indian native s through her series of increasingly absurd outbursts: â€Å"Why, they ought to crawl from here to the caves on their hands and knees whenever and Englishwoman’s in sight, they oughtn’t be spoken to, they ought to be spat at† [204]. Similarly, the primary female character in Burmese Days is mystified and repelled by Flory’s admiration of Burmese culture â€Å"She was grasping, dimly, that his views were not the views an Englishman should hold.† [121] – yet becomes attracted to him when he adopts a conventional, â€Å"manly† demeanour at a shooting expedition. Through their position as agents of chauvinism and oppression, therefore, women are equated with British â€Å"civilisation† and become a destructive and dogmatic force in the East, a consensus between the two authors that has prompted the feminist literary critic, Jenny Sharpe, to conclude that the Anglo-Indian woman â€Å"perhaps more than anyone else, embodies the mem sahib in all her contradictions†. However, it is important to recognise the differing ways in which Orwell and Forster approach their critique of English colonialism. Unlike Forster in A Passage to India, Orwell actually addresses the underlying economic reasons for the British presence in the East: â€Å"how can you make out that we are in this country for any purpose except to steal? It’s so simple. The official holds the Burman down while the businessman goes through his pockets† [38]. Through Flory’s withering account of colonial ambitions in Burma, the reader gains an insight into Orwell’s growing political radicalism, with critics agreeing that his experience in the country doubtlessly accentuated his sensitivity to the unjust caste system at home in Britain. As such, his acute disillusion with the British social system is reflected through the troubling sense of nihilism that permeates the text, a powerful scepticism that manifests itself most palpably in the novel’s tragic and unsettling conclusion: â€Å"There is a rather large number of suicides among the Europeans in Burma, and they occasion very little surprise† [295]. Orwell’s Burma is a socially fragmented country of indigenous corruption and imperial hypocrisy, and the reader is offered very little hope of redemption or justice. Forster, on the other hand, avoids making these sweeping structural condemnations, instead placing emphasis on the personal rather than directly addressing the social and political implications of British colonialism. This humanist tendency is apparent through his repeated speculation over whether an Englishman and Indian can ever be friends under colonialism, a preoccupation that runs throughout the text. It is important to remember that Forster is not advocating an end to British imperialism – instead he favours a more conciliatory and tolerant form of British rule in India thus his text lacks the radica l undertones of Orwell’s Burmese Days. Moreover, Forster does not share the overly bleak outlook held by Orwell, as memorably demonstrated in the final horseback-riding scene, where Fielding and Aziz attempt at reconciliation:But the horses didn’t want it – they swerved apart; the earth didn’t want itthe birds, the carrion, the Guest House, that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath: they didn’t want it, they said in their hundred voices, â€Å"No, not yet,† and the sky said, â€Å"No, not there.† [306]The literary theorist Edward Said believes this conclusion to be â€Å"disappointing†, serving as a gloomy mark of the East’s permanent estrangement from the West. However, he arguably fails to acknowledge the resonant sense of hope embedded in these lines (â€Å"not yet not there†), and the gentle poignancy of the two friends’ final outing. Through its depiction of the complexities and development of Fielding and Aziz’s relationship, the novel subtly implies that cross-cultural friendship, though frustratingly elusive in colonial times, may be achieved in the future. As such, Forster could be said to share the â€Å"evolutionary meliorism† of writers such as Thomas Hardy, who favoured a reasoned and rational approach to social issues. While Mrs Moore and Adela ultimately fail in their â€Å"quest† for true communion with India, the reader is awakened to the possibility of a new age of tolerance and understanding, therefore raising hopes for the liberalisation of Anglo-Indian rule and improved relations between East and West. In conclusion, both Forster and Orwell present a penetrating and socially conscious depiction of Britain’s weakening control over the East, exhibiting varying degrees of pessimism with regard to the future of relations between Englishmen and natives. While Forster’s ire is directed chiefly at the neglige nt and callous attitudes of the public schoolboys who rule India, Orwell presents a sustained critique of the political structures that maintain imperialism, making it possible to identify Burmese Days as a radical 1930s rejoinder to Forster’s influential novel. In any case, Orwell and Forster’s bitingly satirical representations of British imperialism mark a significant departure from the nationalist, soldierly rhetoric of Rudyard Kipling, and have therefore proved instrumental in shaping the public and literary discourse surrounding imperialism in the East.

A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 953 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Effecting over 15 million people worldwide. Of those 15 million cases 5 million will die and a further 5 million will be left disabled. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke" essay for you Create order Currently there is little to no treatment for stroke, this leaves patients with a large deficit of treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need for new and effective treatment option. Stem cell therapy (SCT) is a well-established treatment method that has proved its self in other hematological diseases. This fact coupled with some promising results shown from animal models that show significant functional benefits have led research to the bedside. This review provides a brief history and scientific background to the stem cell therapy of ischemic stroke (IS). This will then be followed up with evidence of current clinical trials including a discussion of the various route of delivery, cell type, timing of treatment and number of cells used. Finally, the review will end with a discussion of what will become of stem cell therapy in the distant future. INTRODUCTION Stroke is a major cause of serious disability and the second largest cause of death in the world. Stroke is also very expensive taking up to 2-4% of all healthcare costs. Even if the age specific strokes stay constant or decrees slightly the number of new cases of stroke will rise each year with the advent of the ageing era. Stroke has been categorized as 1) ischemic (obstruction); 2) hemorrhagic (bleeding); 3) transient (transient ischemic attack) by the American Heart assertion, with ischemic stroke accounting for 85% of all stroke cases [3] it will be focus of this review. An ischemic stroke results from artery occlusion in the brain, which if left untreated will lead to cell death in the affected part of the brain. Current treatment of (IS) Is to use tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) a medication that can help remove the clot in the brain. Unfortunately, this medication is only useful if administered within 3-4.5 hours after the stroke [5]. Aspirin can also be used as a deter rent to stroke but only provides a 1% absolute reduction in death and recurrent (IS) [1]. Most patients over time show some spontaneous recovery after stroke. This recovery can be attributed to cell regeneration in the brain, this regeneration until recently was thought to be impossible. This process of cell recovery has been named neurogenesis [2,3]. However, this recovery is often incomplete. Creating a need for further cell recovery in the brain. This with the evidence of neurogenesis have sparked the creation of experimental work investigation cell transplantation therapy in (IS). Background and developments in Stem Cell therapy for Ischemic stroke The clinic approaches of (SCT) can be divided into endogenous and exogenous approaches. The endogenous approach aims to stimulate the stem cells already present within the induvial. This uses a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) which is used to mobilize stem cells for transplantation in hematological damaged areas [5,6]. This has shown promising results in animal studies showing direct benefits in cognitive regeneration. Several phase II trials are currently underway to investigate its efficacy in (IS). The exogenous approach involves the transplantation of stem cells directly into the damage area. This involve in vitro culture of cells and cell expansion prior to admission. This review will focus on the studies using exogenous approaches to (SCT) in (IS), as it is seeing a lot more focus from the stem cell community. Following a stroke, both neural and supportive brain tissue elements are lost, unlike other neurogenerative disease that target a specific neuronal type. SCT for IS, therefore focuses on regenerative strategies to restore both neurol elements but supportive elements as well such as blood vessels. Many stem cells have been tested and evaluated in humans for their potentials in this use. Neural stem cells (NSC) It now generally accepted that neurogenesis originated from neural stem cells (NSC) that are located in specific regions of the adult mammalian brain. Throughout life creating new populations of neurons [17]. NSC can be isolated for fetal and adult mammalian brains. Multiply studies have shown isolation of NCS from adult rodent brains [18,19], and also a newer study has moved on to isolation in the human brain [20,21]. Preclinical studies explore the feasibility of using NSCs to treat IS. When giving NSC through intravenous or stereotactically route the NSC have been shown to survive, migrate towards the lesion and differentiate, while promoting tissue repair, consequently improved neurological function and recovery in ischemic rodent [15,16]. Studies have shown that delayed intravenous transplantation of NSC at 3 days after ischemic stroke exhibited delayed neuroprotection by suppressing inflammation and focal glial scar formation, suggesting that NSCs had the potential to extend t he therapeutic time window for ischemic stroke treatment [21]. There is currently a phase trial planned using commercial derived NSC named CTX to be delivered by stereotactic injection in patients with IS. While NSC show promise the practicability of routine brain biopsies for isolation of adult human NSC is not, leading many researchers to exploring other methods of SCT with cells that are more accessible. Bone marrow derived stem cells Bone marrow derived stem cells consist of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). HSCs are the precursors of all the blood and lymphoid cell lineages. MSCs give rise the stromal cells of the bone marrow. The stromal cells consist of chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts. Bone marrow is an attractive choice for isolating stem cells for being easily accessible, autologous (coming from the same individual) meaning there would be no need for immunosuppressant medication. Bone marrow cells have been shown to migrate to the brain a dissociate into cells the express neuron-specific markers [37]. Both populations of bone marrow cells have been studied extensively on their potential for neuronal differentiation and possible use in neuroregenerative therapy.

Society s View Of Human Sexuality - 2396 Words

Society’s view of human sexuality is fluid, constantly switching between periods of tolerance and repression. The opinions people develop on subjects pertaining to this subject differ from culture to culture and society to society. In the current generation, many people who live in the United States are taught to suppress sexuality and to conform to heteronormative ideals (Sumara, 1999). The source of this problem can be traced back to the mindset of members of the population and the sexual education that is provided to children and adolescents that were born to that generation (Perez, 2010). Today’s education system promotes an â€Å"abstinence-only† method of sexual education, the government funnels money into programs that teach teenagers that abstinence is the only way to avoid getting pregnant and contracting sexual diseases (NYC Department of Education). However, this means that adolescents are not being taught about contraceptives and other safe sex pract ices, which would be taught with comprehensive sexual education (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2015). Usually, when schools teach sex education they use a heterosexual couple as the norm, they do not acknowledge that there are other sexualities like those of the LGBT community. If schools focused on teaching both comprehensive sexual education and acceptance of different sexual orientations they could decrease unwanted pregnancies, lower the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, and promote a moreShow MoreRelated`` An End Of Shame : Shaping Our Next Sexual Revolution1007 Words   |  5 PagesIra L. Reiss, a well-known sociologist, has contributed greatly to the field of human sexuality and in the 1960’s brilliantly predicted the revolutionary changes in sexual attitudes. In his novel, An End to Shame: Shaping Our Next Sexual Revolution, Reiss develops the notion that our previous sexual revolution did not adequately eliminate the inequalities related to sexuali ty. In reality he argues that America is in need of a newly formed sexual revolution, one that will address the negative consequencesRead MoreHuman Sexuality And Sexual Orientation1544 Words   |  7 PagesFew aspects of human behavior excite as much interest and controversy as sexual orientation. In cultures and societies today, as well as in the past, there is usually an emphasis on a specific orientation as a norm, and typically heterosexuality is perceived as such. This in turn generates a wide range of reaction to homosexuality, from its being seen as â€Å"unnatural† in moral terms, to ideas of it as threatening the stability of a culture. In recent years, however, new perspectives are emergingRead MoreThe Birth Control Pill And The Sexual Revolution884 Words   |  4 Pagesthe same freedom that Americans can have today and express carelessly. During the 1960’s the United States experienced changes in its society that would affect the perspectives of future g enerations by turning our weaknesses into strengths. During this time, the United States encountered many movements and opportunities due to the birth control pill and the Sexual Revolution. It was a great shift in the society because it opened doors for minorities and created an equal treatment men and women. TheRead MoreContemporary English Version Bible Vs. Human Sexuality1354 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Views â€Å"Everything is pure for someone whose heart is pure. But nothing is pure for an unbeliever with a dirty mind. That person s mind and conscience are destroyed. 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Media influence me by showing different sexual stories in the newspaper, by posting videos and picture on the website, and by watching different sexual videos on movies influence the most about sexuality. It is a positive influence because we can get the knowledge about sexual precaution and awareness. Television programs influence about sexualRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Love And Sexuality1652 Words   |  7 Pagesfields such as psychology and sociology. Relatively new fields such as these tie together society and science in a way that helps us understand ourselves and the communities in which we live. An important aspect of either field being love and the way humans interact amongst each other. As described by Leslie Bell in her work â€Å"Hard to Get: Twenty‑Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom†, our sexuality is dynamic and constantly changing to fit into various circumstances. Adversely, BarbaraRead MoreIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To Human Behaviour: †¨18435577†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ To what extent is human sexuality the result of nature or nurture?†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ The nature and nurture of the human sexuality has been a debate argued among researchers and scientists. With regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek intoRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Bram Stoker s Dracula1285 Words   |  6 Pagespg.396) Bram Stoker s, Dracula, captures the thematic zeitgeist of gothic Europe; the repression and trappings of a rigid and formal society masking the carnal and base desires of the population at large. 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Prerogative Powers or Prerogative Powers in the UK Free Sample

Question: Discuss the Origins of Prerogative Powers, the Role of the Courts and Parliament in Reconciling the Differences and the Developments Surrounding National Security. Answer: Introduction British constitution is unwritten and tends to derive power from various sources including established conventions. One of the significant sources in this context are the prerogative powers. While their origin is quite old and stems from past era but over the time, the underlying nature has undergone changes in the manner that these tend to be exercised. The key concern of the given essay is to carry out a review of the prerogative powers that exist today and how the judicial and parliamentary constraints tends to keep these in check to ensure national security[1]. In order to achieve the same, the historical perspective of prerogative powers would be presented coupled with their present status and role in the society. Besides, the efficiency of the various mechanisms in place by the legislature and judiciary would also be highlighted while making a case for greater regulation and reform in the usage of these powers. This would be justified on account of national security. Prerogative Powers History The origins of the prerogative powers or prerogative powers in the UK can be traced from an era when the underlying monarch tended to act in a dual capacity of head of state and feudal lord. Thus, the king possessed the requisite powers that on one hand were require so maintain the welfare of people but on the other were required for protection of state from the state enemies. With regards to a formal definition of the concept, a single definition is not agreed to and hence there are two definitions that are quite prevalent i.e. which have been given by to scholars namely William Blackstone and A V Dicey. The definition of prerogative powers given by Blackstone tends to focus on only the exclusive powers that are possessed by him only and not by any subject. This definition was endorsed in the famous De Keyser's Royal Hotel[2] case. However, there are more takers for the other definition offered by A V Dicey which tends to define these powers as the set of remaining discretionary power left which the Crown holds at any particular time and which may be directly or indirectly exercised. This definition given by Dicey is broader in comparison with that given by Blackstone and therefore is able to take into consideration the key developments in this regard carried out in the past that have brought about a fundamental shift in the manner of exercise of these powers. Empirical evidence on the subject clearly indicates that usage of prerogative powers was done by exclusively by the Monarch. But with the passage of time, the difference between Monarch acting in the capacity of state head and that in his personal capacity has become quite prominent. As a result, with the growing complexity of the state issues, the prerogative powers have been passed on from the Monarch and instead have been exercised by the advisers on b ehalf of the Monarch[3]. In the modern form of government that exists today in the UK, these are the ministers of the government in power[4]. Current Status of Prerogative Powers With respect to the domestic affairs, the prerogative powers in Monarchs personal capacity include extension of taxation immunity. Prosecution immunity, Prime Minister and honours appointment, causing the dissolution and dismissal of the government besides giving the ascent to various laws and bills. On the face of it, the above powers may seem to be handful but it is essential to realise that a host of the above stated powers are essentially formalities where convention needs to be observed by the underlying Monarch. Further, in the exercise of the other powers also, the Monarch is expected to act on the Prime Ministers advice and thus cannot act in personal capacity. However, despite the above, the Monarch is to be consulted by the government and also possesses the power the either warn or provide encouragement to the policies introduced by the government[5]. The various ministers who act on behalf of the Monarch and form the executive also have prerogative powers which include pardoning power, preferred creditor status for the Crown, issuing passports, regulation of civil services and excluding the Crown from the applicability of any particular statute. The powers extended In the domain of foreign affairs would comprise of treaty making power and the decision of declaring war on a given nation. It is noteworthy that any new prerogative power cannot be created at the present but the powers already existing may be applied to a particular situation that may be new[6]. The importance of these prerogative powers is apparent from the wide scope highlighted above which apparently makes a strong case for the regulation of the same through appropriate judicial and parliamentary scrutiny in order to upheld the national security interests. Prerogative Powers Parliamentary Scrutiny With regards to the usage of prerogative powers, parliamentary scrutiny does exist but at the moment it is weak which has been outlined through the relevant discussion of the applicable mechanisms. One of the most significant prerogative powers is the authority to go to war which remains almost exclusively with the Prime Minister and exercised along with cabinet level consultations as the Monarch is the supreme commander for the armed forces. This is despite the fact that the a parliamentary consent is required to maintain the armed forces at peace time in accordance with the Bill of Rights 1689[7]. Thus, theoretically, the power of the executive to manoeuvre the armed forces essentially remains unfettered. In the past when in 2003, invasion of Iraq was carried out, the executive did sought out for a parliamentary vote but it was subject to the displeasure of a host of MPs who considered that it was done as an generous act by the government of the day. Therefore, theoretically, the P arliament cannot intervene in any of the future wars that the executive may decide to indulge in even though these would involve significant allocation of resources from exchequer and manpower and could have significant impact on the nation. Yet another power that is crucial to the national interest is the prerogative power dealing with execution of treaties with foreign nations. While the ratification of treaties signed by the executive is requisite in the Parliament but the purview is limited to only those treaties which tend to alter the law in the UK. As a result, for treaties which do not seek to amend the laws based in UK, the parliament has no powers of vetting and being consulted[8]. As a result, a host of treaties with other nations and supra-national organisations can be enacted without parliamentary intervention which could have severe implications especially in cases where UK may decide to become an ally of a nation at war[9]. Another critical prerogative power available with the ministers is the management of civil services which allows them the control over primary legislation enacted under an Order-in-Council. To put these statutes into practice, the nod of the legislature is not required even though later a parliamentary act could potentially override the same as has been highlighted in the Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service case[10]. Thus, any legislation enacted by the executive in this manner provides effective power to bypass the legislature and effectively makes them superior to the legislature. To declare the British territorial limits along with ceding any territory is also a prerogative power that the executive can exercise without parliamentary scrutiny. It is highly unlikely that ever since the passing of the Island of Rockall Act 1972, that there would be any giving away of British territory without taking Parliamentary approval but the option in this regard still remains if only on paper. In relation to the immigration related prerogative powers, they have been severely curtailed ever since the enactment of Immigration Act 1971, however passport issuance and revocation still falls under prerogative power available with the executive. As a result, Parliament has no role in restraining any individual who might be forced to leave the UK and anyone who may be recalled back to the UK at a later time[11]. it is evident that such actions amount to interference with the autonomy with the individual but no justifications may be required in these cases. Considering the role of the immigrant community in various crimes, this power could also have significant implications for the national security particularly in an era or terrorism. Besides, the Monarch has continued to retain the prerogative powers related to appointments which allows for making critical appointments which is not only limited to ministers but also includes other vital members such as civil servants, judges and certain other appointments to public offices. Additionally, the power to grant various honours including political honours still is essentially the Monarchs power[12]. However, as highlighted previously the Monarch has to act in these areas as per the Prime Ministers advice and thus exercise of these powers remains outside the ambit of parliamentary scrutiny. As a result, the PM has a freehand in making these crucial appointments which have tremendous implications for the security and functioning of the nation. Clearly, with such unfettering power in appointment of these high officials, there is immense scope for abuse of power as has been highlighted in the cash for honours scandal that came to light in 2006-2007. In the existence of ade quate parliamentary scrutiny, it is plausible that such situation would not arise and the appointments may be made after greater deliberations and sound reasoning. Based on the above instances, it seems evident that the with the wide prerogative powers, still existing which tend to supersede the parliamentary procedures established, it may be fair to assume that there is a weakening of democracy and also associated institutions. It may be unwise to provide such wide sweeping power with immense stakes for national security solely at the discretion of select individuals which ruling out a majority of elected representatives who do not merit a say in critical issues affecting the future of the people. Prerogative Powers Judicial Scrutiny The judicial scrutiny of the prerogative powers usage seems to be more frequency in comparison with the parliamentary scrutiny. The weak role played by the judiciary in this regard can be highlighted through the following discussion. A leading case worth mentioning is the R v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority[13] in which it the Court of Appeal ruled that the ancient prerogative of maintaining peace when the state is not in any emergency. The judicial scrutiny in the above case remained weak as the court might be reluctant in involving itself in police powers due to the controversial nature of the subject. Further, referring to the AG v. De Keyser's Royal Hotel[14] case which took place in the early part of the 20th century, the honourable judge Lord Dunedin opined that the ground of action on which the prerogative powers are applied is essentially provided by the statute and thus it tends to rule over the prerogative powers. It can be affirmed from the above argument made in the case above that increasing scrutiny with statute or judicial activism could potentially restrain the government powers and bring the various arms of the government in a more balanced position[15]. There has been reluctance on the part of the judiciary in the recent times with regards to carrying out a detailed scrutiny in the Crowns prerogative powers and also the House of Lords has been exceptionally favourable to the government of the day. A controversial case in this regard was the R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs[16] case. This case involved the issuance of a Orders-in-Council in 2004 which was deployed in order to overturn the decision of regarding indigenous people exile as unlawful. However, this was subsequently found unlawful by both the High Court and also the Court of Appeal. However, subsequently, an appeal was made to the House of Lords and the verdict was in favour of the government as the Lords endorsed the action taken by the Minister which formed the available prerogative powers. The above case indicative of the presence of judicial scrutiny power with the judiciary but the same needs greater support from the higher echelons particularly House of Lords so as to make any significant contribution in the wake of national security which may be severely jeopardised[17]. A landmark case pertaining to the prerogative power mode of exercise is Council for Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service[18] and merits discussion. In this particular case, the House of Lords reached the decision that prerogative powers exercise does not lead to the minister not being subject to judicial review and also did not involve making any exception to carry on the work with fairness and integrity. Thus, this case in indicative of the impact that judicial scrutiny can make and thereby act as a requisite check on the abuse of the usage of prerogative powers. Thus, this allows for fair use of prerogative powers by the executive. The decision taken in this particular case affirms the views expressed by Lord Denning in the Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade[19] case. He had advocated that if the usage of prerogative power has been carried out in an improper manner resulting in impinging of the legitimate individual or sectional rights, then the courts need to intervene in such cases[20]. From the above instances, it is apparent that the judicial scrutiny tends to be stronger than the parliamentary scrutiny but still there is a strong case of making it more stringent and prevalent. There is a conservative bias on the part of higher courts that are not keen to challenge the orthodox views and conventions even the times have changed and nature of threats have become different. As a result, there is high concentration of power amongst the executive without adequate consultations and deliberations. The passage of Human Rights Act 1998 has made some headways with enhancing the judicial scrutiny and invalidating those orders-in-council that are discriminatory in nature or interfere with individual rights. However, for the prerogative powers which do not fall within the ambit of human rights are still experiencing limited scrutiny and thus could continue to enjoy unchecked powers with serious implications for the national security. Need for Reforms Based on the above analysis, the worrisome observation of limited scrutiny over prerogative powers of the executive is apparent. As a result, there is an urgent need of reforms aimed at strengthen the scrutiny offered by both parliament as well as judiciary. An optimum solution is to scrap all the prerogative powers and instead enact respective statutes to deal with these subjects. But it seems that this is not going to happen anytime soon. Thus, alternative pragmatic suggestions are being offered for consideration[21]. The first measure to be taken is to ensure that the actions taken by the PM and other ministers while acting on their prerogative powers must be subject to parliamentary oversight through the mechanism of dedicated committees. In case of any discrepancy, the issue may be raised in the parliament with the committee report being tabled. Also, it is essential to increase the scrutiny power of the judiciary by ensuring that the judges display more judicial activism and are driven by public interest rather than conventions and orthodox practices. The judges need to take bold decisions which are meant to take the nation forward and also address various issues jeopardising national security[22]. This is critical as parliamentary oversight is expected to remain weak even in the future as the government of the day tends to enjoy a majority in the lower house and thus it is unlikely that the MPs would challenge the party leadership. Conclusion I have come to the conclusion that prerogative powers do remain an important part of the United Kingdom's constitution due to their continued use, and because of the amount of power which can be exerted by exercising prerogative powers. Parliamentary and judicial scrutiny of prerogative powers is weak, but in a modern democracy prerogative powers should be subject to greater Parliamentary scrutiny so that the will of the people can be followed in their exercise; and they should be subject to greater judicial scrutiny by a neutral and impartial judiciary who can make sure they are being exercised fairly Reference Andrew, S. and S. Maurice and M. Jo Eric Khushal, Public Law: Text. Cases, and Materials, London, Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 371. Barnett, H., Constitutional Administrative Law, Routledge, Routledge, 2014, p. 101. Bogdanor, V., The Monarchy and the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 89. Bradley and Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, London, Pearson Education Ltd, 2007. Corby, S. and G. White Employee Relations in the Public Services: Themes and Issues, Routledge, Routledge, 2007, p. 56. Dicey, A. V., Introduction the study of the Law of the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2008. Great, B.: Ministry of Justice, The governance of Britain: war powers and treaties: limiting executive powers, London, The Stationery Office, 2007, p. 20. Lewans, M., Administrative Law and Judicial Deference, Bloomsbury, London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, p. 11. Loveland, L., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, London, Oxford University Press,2015, p. 115. Oakland, J., British Civilization: An Introduction, Routledge, Routledge, 2010, p. 22. Case Law Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, 508, AC, 1920 Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c, 1983 R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26, 1989 Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade, Q.B. 643, 1977Acts Bill of Rights 1689Island of Rockall Act 1972 Immigration Act 1971 Human Rights Act 1998 J. Oakland, British Civilization: An Introduction, Routledge, Routledge, 2010, p. 22. Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, AC 508; 1920 V. Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 89. S. Andrew, S. Maurice and M. Jo Eric Khushal, Public Law: Text. Cases, and Materials, London, Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 371.Ibid.3 A. V. Dicey, Introduction the study of the Law of the Constitution, London, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 28. radley and Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, London, Pearson Education Ltd, 2007, p. 58. L. Loveland, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, London, Oxford University Press,2015, p. 115. M. Lewans, Administrative Law and Judicial Deference, Bloomsbury, London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, p. 11. Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c; 1983 R v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26 ;1989 Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited, AC 508; 1920 H. Barnett, Constitutional Administrative Law, Routledge, Routledge, 2014, p. 101. R (Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, 1 QB 26 ;1989Ibid. 8 Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service, UKHL 6 c; 1983 Laker Airways Ltd v. Department of Trade, 643, Q. B; 1977. S. Corby and G, White, Employee Relations in the Public Services: Themes and Issues, Routledge, Routledge, 2007, p. 56.Ibid. 6B. Great: Ministry of Justice, The governance of Britain: war powers and treaties: limiting executive powers, London, The Stationery Office, 2007, p. 20.